Footnotes

[1] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1

[2] This calculation of mobile penetration takes into account the poorest 40% of population in each country.

[3] The State Of The Industry Report on Mobile Money 2023, GSMA, 2023

[4] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2

[5] COVID-19: Accelerating the Use of Digital Agriculture, GSMA, 2021

[6] Four years of the Mobile Money Regulatory Index: Insights, opportunities and challenges, GSMA Intelligence, 2023

[7] https://interactive.snv.org/climate-adaptation-services#350633

[8] Trends in digital agriculture advisory as the pandemic wanes, GSMA, 2022

[9] “Cash In, Cash Out Kenya: The Role of M-PESA in the Lives of Low Income People”, Financial Services Assessment, 2011

[10] Digital Health: A health system strengthening tool for developing countries, GSMA, 2020

[11] “Verizon private 5G to help Ohio clinic realize ‘fully digital’ vision”, RCR Wireless, April 2023

[12] “How Russian-Ukrainian War changed the usage of telemedicine: a questionnaire-based study in Ukraine”, Ankara Medical Journey, 2022

[13] “Kyivstar to Provide National Digital Health Service for Ukraine”, Veon, August 2022

[14] “Veon commits $600m to Ukraine recovery”, Mobile World Live, June 2023

[15] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4

[16] Developing mobile digital skills in low- and middle-income countries, GSMA, 2021

[17] https://www.huawei.com/en/tech4all/openschool

[18] ibid.

[19] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5

[20] Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, 2020

[21] The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2023, GSMA, 2023

[22] ibid.

[23] Reaching 50 Million Women with Mobile: A Practical Guide, GSMA, 2020

[24] Policy considerations to accelerate digital inclusion for women in low- and middle-income countries, GSMA, 2022

[25] “Improving the pathway from school to STEM careers for girls and women”, World Bank Blogs, February 2019

[26] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6

[27] IoT and Essential Utility Services: Opportunities in low- and middle-income countries, GSMA, 2023

[28] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7

[29] Off-Grid Solar Market Trends Report 2022: State of the Sector, World Bank, 2022

[30] IoT for Development: Use cases delivering impact, GSMA, 2023

[31] The equipment is owned and maintained by Circle Gas – the customer only pays for the gas they use.

[32] Mobile Net Zero: State of the Industry On Climate Action 2023, GSMA, 2023

[33] “Globe is Most Reliable Mobile Network and Most Sustainability-Driven Network Operator in PH”, Globe, March 2023

[34] The economic contribution of broadband digitization and ICT regulation, ITU, 2018; Economic impact of broadband in LDCs, LLDCs and SIDS: An empirical study, ITU, 2019

[35] The Mobile Economy 2023, GSMA, 2023

[36] ibid.

[37] ibid.

[38] The State Of The Industry Report on Mobile Money 2023, GSMA, 2023

[39] The ‘usage gap’ refers to those who live in areas covered by mobile broadband networks but remain unconnected.

[40] Digital transformation in a post-pandemic future: private 5G, eSIM, cloud and edge in vogue, GSMA Intelligence, 2022

[41] Scaling Digital Innovation in Emerging Economies, GSMA, 2023

[42] Accelerating Rural Connectivity: Insights from the GSMA Innovation Fund for Rural Connectivity, GSMA, 2022

[43] Driving the digital revolution with improved mobile coverage, GSMA, 2020

[44] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal10

[45] The State Of The Industry Report on Mobile Money 2023, GSMA, 2023

[46] This calculation of mobile penetration takes into account the poorest 40% of the population in each country.

[47] Empowering persons with disabilities through digital innovation: Insights from the GSMA Innovation Fund, GSMA, 2023

[48] Settling in 2018: Main Indicators of Immigrant Integration, OECD and European Commission, 2018

[49] https://www.telenor.com/listen-up/digital-inclusion-finland/

[50] The changing shape of smart cities: new trends and new roles for operators, GSMA Intelligence, 2022

[51] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12

[52] Strategy Paper for Circular Economy: Mobile devices, GSMA, 2022

[53] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13

[54] Mobile Net Zero: State of the Industry On Climate Action 2023, GSMA, 2023

[55] ibid.

[56] The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, FAO, 2022

[57] The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, FAO, 2018

[58] “Indonesia’s eFishery raises another USD 108 million, valuation surpasses USD 1 billion”, SeafoodSource, June 2023

[59] NRM refers to the sustainable utilisation of the planet’s natural resources, such as land, water, air, forests and a diversity of plant and animal species.

[60] “Digital Dividends in Natural Resource Management”, GSMA, 2020

[61] https://www.gsma.com/5GHub/smartagri

[62] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal16

[63] Digital Identity Access to Mobile Services and Proof of Identity 2021, GSMA, 2021

[64] https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17

[65] “Education in the time of Covid-19”, United Nations, August 2020

[66] https://maestrosconectados.com/

[67] IoT and Essential Utility Services: Opportunities in low- and middle-income countries, GSMA, 2023

[68] We define the CIS region as the following 12 markets: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. However, we note that Georgia withdrew its CIS membership in 2008, Ukraine ended its participation in CIS statutory bodies in May 2018 and Moldova ceased participating in CIS meetings in November 2022.

[69] Closing the digital divide in Central Asia and the South Caucasus, GSMA Intelligence, 2023

[70] Mobile Net Zero: State of the Industry On Climate Action 2023, GSMA, 2023